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A website linking the Pa. Bluestone Industry with the world! A place for quarrymen,women and their families can stay on top of the latest happenings around Susquehanna County and the southern tier of Ny concerning their industry and one Of Pennsylvanias Largest industries the natural stone industry.
These dolerite slabs, split by frost action, seem to be stacked ready for the taking, and many have been removed over the centuries for local use. Research favors the theory that humans also transported stones from Carn Menyn to Stonehenge, about 250 kilometers away.Bluestone is a cultural or commercial name for a number of or building stone varieties, including:.
in, Australia, and in New Zealand. in, Australia; and in Britain (including ).
in the U.S. And Canada. in the in the U.S., from the quarries in, Belgium, and from quarries in, and in Ireland.
in. Contents.Stonehenge The term 'bluestone' in Britain is used in a loose sense to cover all of the 'foreign,' not intrinsic, stones at. It is a 'convenience' label rather than a geological term, since at least 20 different rock types are represented.
One of the most common rocks in the assemblage is known as Preseli Spotted Dolerite—a chemically altered containing spots or clusters of secondary minerals replacing. It is a medium grained dark and heavy rock, harder than granite. Preseli bluestone tools, such as axes, have been discovered elsewhere within the British Isles. Many of them appear to have been made in or near Stonehenge, since there are petrographic similarities with some of the spotted there. The bluestones at were placed there during the third phase of construction at Stonehenge around 2300 BC. It is assumed that there were about 80 of them originally, but this has never been proven since only 43 remain. The stones are estimated to weigh between 2 and 4 tons each.
The majority of them are believed to have been brought from the, about 250 kilometres (150 miles) away in, either through ( theory) or through humans organizing their transportation. Bluestone monument and Carn Menyn, Glacial erratic theory A summary of the major aspects of the Stonehenge 'bluestone conundrum' was published in 2008. In the same year a book devoted specifically to the problem of bluestone provenance and transport concluded that the Stonehenge bluestones are essentially an ill-sorted assemblage of glacial erratics. Further research into the origin of the bluestones was published in 2012. If a glacier transported the stones, then it must have been the.
In support of the theory, researchers reporting in 2015 found no firm evidence of quarrying at Rhosyfelin in the Preselis. However, in such event, one might expect to find other bluestone boulders or slabs near the Stonehenge site, but no such bluestones (apart from fragments) have been found. Human transport theory The archaeological find of the has been cited in support of the human transport theory.
Preseli Bluestone dolerite axe heads have been found around the Preseli Hills as well, indicating that there was a population who knew how to work with the stones, In 2015, researchers reported they had confirmed the Preseli Spotted Dolerite stones at Stonehenge came from two Neolithic quarries at and in the Preseli Hills. Using radiocarbon dating, researchers dated the quarry activities to around 3400 BC for Craig Rhos-y-felin and 3200 BC for Carn Goedog.
Project director Mike Parker Pearson of the noted the finding was 'intriguing because the bluestones didn't get put up at Stonehenge until around 2900 BC It could have taken those Neolithic stone-draggers nearly 500 years to get them to Stonehenge, but that's pretty improbable in my view. It's more likely that the stones were first used in a local monument, somewhere near the quarries, that was then dismantled and dragged off to Wiltshire.'
In 2018 two of the quarries—Carn Goedog and Craig Rhos-y-felin—underwent more excavation to reveal evidence of megalith quarrying around 3000 BC. If true, this shortens the period between excavation and transportation to the Stonehenge site. Australia. HM Prison Pentridge was one of the many buildings constructed of local bluestone in Melbourne in the 19th centuryThere are three distinct building materials called 'bluestone' in Australia.Victoria In, what is known as bluestone is a basalt or basalt.
It was one of the favoured building materials during the period of the 1850s. In it was extracted from quarries throughout the inner northern suburbs, such as, and, where the quarry used to source the stone for is now Coburg Lake.Bluestone was also sourced in many other regions of the Victorian volcanic plains, and used in towns and cities of central and western regions, including,.
It is still quarried at a number of places around the state.Bluestone is very hard and therefore difficult to work, so it was predominantly used for warehouses, miscellaneous walls, and the foundations of buildings. However, a number of significant bluestone buildings exist, including the, and, the warehouses and the, as well as in. Some examples of other major structures that use bluestone include, the adjacent Federation Wharf,. Because of its distinctive qualities, post-modern Melbourne buildings have also made use of bluestone for nostalgic reasons. These include the Southgate complex and promenade in.Bluestone was also used extensively as, and for kerbs and gutters, many examples which still exist in some of Melbourne's smaller city lanes and 19th century inner-suburban lanes.
Crushed bluestone, known as 'blue metal' (or 'bluemetal'), is still used extensively in Victoria as railway, as, and in making concrete. Combined with, it is used as a road surfacing material.South Australia. Typical colouring caused by mineralisation in Adelaide bluestoneIn, the name bluestone is given to a form of slate which is much less durable than Victorian bluestone, but was valued for its decorative appearance. The interior of the stone is usually pale grey or beige in colour, but is given attractively coloured surfaces by ferric oxide and other minerals deposited in joints and bedding planes. The slate is laid in masonry with the mineralised surfaces exposed.
Bluestone was most popular from about the 1850s to the 1920s, quarried in the at, (formerly Tapley's Hill) and, and a number of other places in rural areas. Tasmania In Tasmania, the name bluestone is given to dolerite (diabase), which is a dominant stone variety in the landscape, and used in a variety of building roles. New Zealand. Dunedin Railway Station and Law Courts, New Zealand, showing dark bluestone and creamy Oamaru stone constructionbluestone is an attractive building material, used both historically and to the present.
It is a grey basalt similar to Victorian bluestone, quarried near Timaru in the South Island. Bluestone from near Kokonga in is also widely used, and is the main construction material (often with facing of, a local compact limestone) in many of the notable historic buildings in the southern South Island, most of which were constructed during the financial boom following the. Prominent structures to use this combination include,. Similar construction using Timaru bluestone was used for.United States and Canada There are two distinct building materials called 'bluestone' in the United States, one is also found in Canada.Bluestone is quarried in western New Jersey, Pennsylvania and eastern New York. It is also quarried in the Canadian Appalachians near Deer Lake in Western Newfoundland. The Pennsylvania Bluestone Association has 105 members, the vast majority of them quarriers.
Bluestone from and is sandstone defined as. The sand-sized grains from which bluestone is constituted were deposited in the during the Middle to Upper of the, approximately 370 to 345 million years ago. The Catskill Delta was created from runoff from the ('Ancestral Appalachians'). This delta ran in a narrow band from southwest to northeast and today provides the bluestone quarried from the.
The term 'bluestone' is derived from a deep-blue-colored sandstone first found in. It can, however, appear in many other hues, mostly shades of grays and browns. Bluestone quarrying is of particular value to the economy of. The, finished in 1848, is an example of Pennsylvania bluestone as a building material. Pennsylvania, U.S.The other, lesser known, type of American 'bluestone' is a blue-tinted limestone abundant in the of. It is a limestone formed during the Period approximately 450 to 500 million years ago, at the bottom of a relatively shallow ocean that covered what is today. The limestone that accumulated there was darker in color than most other limestone deposits because it was in deeper waters exposed to less light.
The darker blue color resulted in limestone from this region being dubbed bluestone and with two sequences measuring about 10,000 ft thick, it gives the area one of the largest limestone deposits in the world. The stone eventually fades from a deep blue to a light grey after prolonged exposure to sun and rain. Given the abundance of the stone in the Rockingham County area, the first settlers used it as foundations and chimneys for their houses. When was built, the local bluestone was used to construct the buildings because of its high quality and cultural heritage. See also.References. Swaine, Jon (2008-09-22). Retrieved 2008-09-22.
Anthony Johnson 'Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma' (fig.89.P165.) (Thames and Hudson 2008). Brian John, 'The Bluestone Enigma' (Greencroft Books, 2008) page 146. Bevins, Richard E., Ixer, Rob A., Webb, Peter C., Watson, John S. Provenancing the rhyolitic and dacitic components of the stonehenge landscape bluestone lithology: New petrographical and geochemical evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 39, Issue 4, April 2012, pages 1005–1019. Chiverrekk RC, Thrasher I, Thomas GS, Lang A, et al (2013).
Bayesian modelling the retreat of the Irish Sea Ice Stream. Journal of Quaternary Science 28, 200-209. Western Telegraph. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015. Archived from on May 2, 2013., 'Prehistoric Preseli' (Atelier Productions, 2001).
University College London. 7 December 2015.
Retrieved 3 August 2018. Pearson MP, Pollard J, Richards C, Welham K (2019). 'Megalith quarries for Stonehenge's bluestones'. 93 (367): 45–62045.
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History of Brunswick, City of Moreland, 2011-03-28 at the, accessed 11 September 2012. Encyclopedia of Melbourne: Quarries and Brickmaking, accessed 11 September 2012. R. Lockhart Jack, 'The Building Stones of South Australia' (Adelaide 1923) pp. Companion to Tasmanian History. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
Chacon, Mark A. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 2019-01-31. Evans, DT; Dickson, WL (2004).
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
^. Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. Retrieved 25 January 2019. Ettensohn, F (1985). 'The Catskill Delta complex and the Acadian Orogeny'.
The Catskill Delta. Geological Society of America. 39-49. mahayes. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
Sherwood, WC. James Madison University.
Retrieved 25 January 2019. James Madison University. Retrieved 26 January 2019.Bibliography.
Jack, R Lockhart. The Building Stones of South Australia. 10, Geological Survey of South Australia, Adelaide, 1923. Jones, Nancy. Rooted on Bluestone Hill: A History of James Madison University.
Center for American Places, Inc. Santa Fe, NM. 2004.
John, Brian. The Bluestone Enigma: Stonehenge, Preseli and the Ice Age. Greencroft Books, 2008, page 95.External links. (Bluestone quarried in the state of New York), Scientific American, Vol.
21, New York, November 22, 1890.
Bluestone is defined as a dense, hard, fine-grained, quartz/feldspathic sandstone of Devonian Age, which is easily split along bedding planes. Commonly dark or slate gray, as well as blue, the term is applied to all varieties, irrespective of color. Bluestone has been used for sidewalks, curbing, countertops, patios, fireplaces and a host of other structural and decorative uses.
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